Rural Urban Interaction
One-way Bridge to Rural And Urban Canada – Part 4
|
|
Urban $39 Frame with light & thin Rx lenses, UV & Scratch coatings, and polished edges |
|
|
The Rural Alberta Advantage Tickets $91 “Buy Tickets for The Rural Alberta Advantage are available. Ticketliquidator.com gets you in!” |
|
|
The Rural Alberta Advantage Tickets $91 Buy The Rural Alberta Advantage, tickets. Tickets for 11/17/2011 at Phoenix Concert Theatre in Toronto, ON are available. Ticketliquidator.com gets you in! |
|
|
Keith Urban Tickets $53 Buy Keith Urban tickets. TicketNetwork.com gets you in! |
|
|
Urban Priol Tickets $138 Buy Urban Priol tickets. TicketNetwork.com gets you in! |
|
|
Urban Priol Tickets $138 “Buy Tickets for Urban Priol are available. Ticketliquidator.com gets you in!” |
|
|
A cross-sectional approach to institutional anomie and gang-related homicide. $49.99 Gangs have recently migrated from major metropolitan areas to suburban and rural communities throughout the United States (Maxson 1998; NAIGA 2005). This migration creates a need for further research and understanding of the gang phenomenon in the United States. One commonly studied aspect of gangs is their propensity to participate in homicide and violent behavior (e.g., Curry and Spergel 1988; Decker and Curry 2002). This tendency has been tested and written about in the literature; however, none of the research addresses the migration and dispersion of gangs throughout states. Therefore, new approaches are needed to better understand gangs and their behavior outside of urban areas. This study is the first state-level test of gang homicide variation. Previous gang homicide studies incorporated structural level variables; these, however, were limited to metropolitan and urban areas. In addition, the inclusion of structural level variables was commonly without an appropriate theoretical framework able to explain variation in gang homicide rates across states. Messner and Rosenfeld’s (2007) institutional anomie theory provides this framework incorporating the interaction between the cultural ethos and social institutions of states. Gang homicides, as reported in the Uniform Crime Report Supplementary Homicide Reports from 2000, are used as the dependent variable in the multiple regression models. Cultural ethos is measured through economic decommodification, and education, polity, family, and religion are included as structural measures. Characteristics of a state’s population are also included in the regression. These characteristics include: age structure, urban population, minority population, new immigrants, and incarcerated drug offenders. Additive and interactive relationships are tested using multiple regression. The results of the present study do not provide support for the theoretical model. Support was not found in either the interactive or additive |
|
|
A cross-sectional approach to institutional anomie and gang-related homicide. $49.99 Gangs have recently migrated from major metropolitan areas to suburban and rural communities throughout the United States (Maxson 1998; NAIGA 2005). This migration creates a need for further research and understanding of the gang phenomenon in the United States. One commonly studied aspect of gangs is their propensity to participate in homicide and violent behavior (e.g., Curry and Spergel 1988; Decker and Curry 2002). This tendency has been tested and written about in the literature; however, none of the research addresses the migration and dispersion of gangs throughout states. Therefore, new approaches are needed to better understand gangs and their behavior outside of urban areas. This study is the first state-level test of gang homicide variation. Previous gang homicide studies incorporated structural level variables; these, however, were limited to metropolitan and urban areas. In addition, the inclusion of structural level variables was commonly without an appropriate theoretical framework able to explain variation in gang homicide rates across states. Messner and Rosenfeld’s (2007) institutional anomie theory provides this framework incorporating the interaction between the cultural ethos and social institutions of states. Gang homicides, as reported in the Uniform Crime Report Supplementary Homicide Reports from 2000, are used as the dependent variable in the multiple regression models. Cultural ethos is measured through economic decommodification, and education, polity, family, and religion are included as structural measures. Characteristics of a state’s population are also included in the regression. These characteristics include: age structure, urban population, minority population, new immigrants, and incarcerated drug offenders. Additive and interactive relationships are tested using multiple regression. The results of the present study do not provide support for the theoretical model. Support was not found in either the interactive or additive |
|
|
Changing contexts of deference to elders, children’s rights and sexual exploitation of children in Tanzania. $49.99 Regardless of the centrality of political and economic resources in the constructions of power, this research argues that the notions of power are contested. Exploration of the relationship between deference to elders and the vulnerability to childhood sexual exploitation with 105 young women has shown that certain actions like sexual intercourse may transmit symbolic power. Ironically, the growing poverty and increasing inaccessibility to income earning opportunities that affect Tanzanian men and women equally also provide alternative routes for women to create their new roles. Unlike in traditional communities where elders monopolized hegemonic power due to their control of ancestral rituals and clan resources, today women can turn to formal education, technology and the media for examples of alternative survival routes including unconventional ones like survival sex. This research employed informal and structured interviews to test the hypothesis that continued deference to elders within the changing context of increased urbanization, nuclear family system and paid childrearing, increases children’s vulnerability to sexual exploitation. Elder interaction, understanding of child sexual exploitation, access to support network, perception of self-esteem, importance of filial respect, rural/urban background, education levels and family types, were among the examined childhood experiences. The data were analyzed for emergent themes of understanding and prevalence of child sexual exploitation, power and control, and sexual exploitation vulnerability. The results supported the hypothesis by showing that conditions of deprivation increase children’s vulnerable to sexual exploitation and the model explains 39.6% of the shared variance. The contribution of this research is twofold: taking the primary step to explore the role of childrearing contexts in predicting vulnerability to sexual exploitation and ascertaining that Tanzanian children are vulnerable to sexual |
|
|
Changing contexts of deference to elders, children’s rights and sexual exploitation of children in Tanzania. $49.99 Regardless of the centrality of political and economic resources in the constructions of power, this research argues that the notions of power are contested. Exploration of the relationship between deference to elders and the vulnerability to childhood sexual exploitation with 105 young women has shown that certain actions like sexual intercourse may transmit symbolic power. Ironically, the growing poverty and increasing inaccessibility to income earning opportunities that affect Tanzanian men and women equally also provide alternative routes for women to create their new roles. Unlike in traditional communities where elders monopolized hegemonic power due to their control of ancestral rituals and clan resources, today women can turn to formal education, technology and the media for examples of alternative survival routes including unconventional ones like survival sex. This research employed informal and structured interviews to test the hypothesis that continued deference to elders within the changing context of increased urbanization, nuclear family system and paid childrearing, increases children’s vulnerability to sexual exploitation. Elder interaction, understanding of child sexual exploitation, access to support network, perception of self-esteem, importance of filial respect, rural/urban background, education levels and family types, were among the examined childhood experiences. The data were analyzed for emergent themes of understanding and prevalence of child sexual exploitation, power and control, and sexual exploitation vulnerability. The results supported the hypothesis by showing that conditions of deprivation increase children’s vulnerable to sexual exploitation and the model explains 39.6% of the shared variance. The contribution of this research is twofold: taking the primary step to explore the role of childrearing contexts in predicting vulnerability to sexual exploitation and ascertaining that Tanzanian children are vulnerable to sexual |
|
|
Critical investigations into interns’ urban teaching apprenticeship experiences. $49.99 A critical task for public school teachers is to build and maintain productive relationships with their students, especially to facilitate learning. That task is particularly important in preparing new teachers for urban schools because cultural differences between the majority of urban teachers and their students can complicate and impair those relationships. Multicultural education literature often describes and analyzes preservice teachers—typically white, middle class, not urban, and often female—who are entering urban environments as being resistant to learning about race and class. That research has usually been conducted on preservice teachers in their coursework, often in the lone required diversity course, and apart from practice work in the schools. This study is guided by the theory that in situations, people rely upon the habits of thought, feeling, attitude, and action they’ve developed through interaction with others, and that people experience a strong continuity in the use of those habits during life. Though these habits may help one to negotiate situations, they may also be a hindrance, especially in situations significantly different from familiar ones. I studied three interns from white, middle class, suburban and rural backgrounds who were placed in urban high schools with many nonwhite students from working class backgrounds, to examine this central question: How did the three interns use the habits they formed as honors students in mainly white, monolingual, middle-class, rural or suburban schools and communities with their characteristics, to forge conceptions and practices for teaching students in urban high schools and communities with characteristics that differ appreciably? I conducted this study in the interns’ placements using classroom observations, follow-up interviews, and data from university coursework to analyze the meaning of the intern’s experiences for them. I highlight how interns’ habitual views of race and class were |
|
|
Critical investigations into interns’ urban teaching apprenticeship experiences. $49.99 A critical task for public school teachers is to build and maintain productive relationships with their students, especially to facilitate learning. That task is particularly important in preparing new teachers for urban schools because cultural differences between the majority of urban teachers and their students can complicate and impair those relationships. Multicultural education literature often describes and analyzes preservice teachers—typically white, middle class, not urban, and often female—who are entering urban environments as being resistant to learning about race and class. That research has usually been conducted on preservice teachers in their coursework, often in the lone required diversity course, and apart from practice work in the schools. This study is guided by the theory that in situations, people rely upon the habits of thought, feeling, attitude, and action they’ve developed through interaction with others, and that people experience a strong continuity in the use of those habits during life. Though these habits may help one to negotiate situations, they may also be a hindrance, especially in situations significantly different from familiar ones. I studied three interns from white, middle class, suburban and rural backgrounds who were placed in urban high schools with many nonwhite students from working class backgrounds, to examine this central question: How did the three interns use the habits they formed as honors students in mainly white, monolingual, middle-class, rural or suburban schools and communities with their characteristics, to forge conceptions and practices for teaching students in urban high schools and communities with characteristics that differ appreciably? I conducted this study in the interns’ placements using classroom observations, follow-up interviews, and data from university coursework to analyze the meaning of the intern’s experiences for them. I highlight how interns’ habitual views of race and class were |
|
|
Crossing the rural-urban divide in twentieth-century China. $49.99 This is a study of the historical process by which an individual’s identity as a rural or urban person became one of the most important sites of social difference in twentieth-century China. I focus on interaction between city and countryside to understand how the gap between the two realms grew, especially during the first three decades of the People’s Republic of China (1949-1979). Attempts to cross the rural-urban divide reified difference. During the Mao Zedong era, the more city people attacked the rural-urban gap, the more alienated China’s cities and countryside became from one another, and the more rigid urban and rural identities became.;I downgrade institutional explanations including the household registration (hukou) system in favor of social and cultural ones. In spite of restricted mobility, people continued to travel between city and countryside in massive numbers during the socialist period. Through rural-urban interaction, difference was negotiated on personal, familial, and professional levels. The hukou system was not a central factor in these moments of everyday contact. More important were language, appearance, labor, family, food, sex, and the historical legacies of the early twentieth century, when cities came to symbolize modernity and villages were equated with backwardness.;Previously untapped archival sources and oral history interviews allow for fresh perspectives on the Communist takeover of cities in 1949, the First Five-Year Plan, the Great Leap famine, the Four Cleanups movement, the sent-down youth program, and the Cultural Revolution. The leap and its aftermath poisoned the relationship between city and countryside. The leap’s legacy helps to explain the Four Cleanups and Cultural Revolution, which further alienated villages from cities. Overall, the conclusions of the dissertation fall in between and add complexity to earlier views of the People’s Republic as either a model of pro-rural development or as a starkly |
|
|
Crossing the rural-urban divide in twentieth-century China. $49.99 This is a study of the historical process by which an individual’s identity as a rural or urban person became one of the most important sites of social difference in twentieth-century China. I focus on interaction between city and countryside to understand how the gap between the two realms grew, especially during the first three decades of the People’s Republic of China (1949-1979). Attempts to cross the rural-urban divide reified difference. During the Mao Zedong era, the more city people attacked the rural-urban gap, the more alienated China’s cities and countryside became from one another, and the more rigid urban and rural identities became.;I downgrade institutional explanations including the household registration (hukou) system in favor of social and cultural ones. In spite of restricted mobility, people continued to travel between city and countryside in massive numbers during the socialist period. Through rural-urban interaction, difference was negotiated on personal, familial, and professional levels. The hukou system was not a central factor in these moments of everyday contact. More important were language, appearance, labor, family, food, sex, and the historical legacies of the early twentieth century, when cities came to symbolize modernity and villages were equated with backwardness.;Previously untapped archival sources and oral history interviews allow for fresh perspectives on the Communist takeover of cities in 1949, the First Five-Year Plan, the Great Leap famine, the Four Cleanups movement, the sent-down youth program, and the Cultural Revolution. The leap and its aftermath poisoned the relationship between city and countryside. The leap’s legacy helps to explain the Four Cleanups and Cultural Revolution, which further alienated villages from cities. Overall, the conclusions of the dissertation fall in between and add complexity to earlier views of the People’s Republic as either a model of pro-rural development or as a starkly |
|
|
Dynamics of liver disease in Egypt: Shifting paradigms of a complex etiology. $49.99 The burden of liver disease in Egypt is exceptionally high, maintaining the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, as well as rising rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The foundation of the HCV epidemic in Egypt is generally attributed to a mass public health campaign to eliminate schistosomiasis during the 1960′s–1980′s. Questions remain regarding the precise incidence of HCV during this campaign, the future burden of chronic disease those affected will experience, and the future direction of HCV and liver disease now that this campaign has ended. This dissertation offers a series of studies designed to precisely define the nature of HCV infections and HCC in Egypt, spatially and temporally, as well as predict the future burden and impact on the Egyptian population. Specific methods included analyses of HCC case data collected from the Gharbiah Population-based Cancer Registry (GPCR) to define demographic and spatial trends in the occurrence of HCC in Egypt, in addition to a meta-analysis and the construction of two mathematical models designed to calculate historic incidence of HCV and project future HCV-related health complications. Results identified significant heterogeneity in HCC occurrence with respect to sex and district of residence. More in-depth investigation identified significant spatial clustering of HCC associated with clusters of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (a proxy measure for schistosomiasis burden). Meta-analysis revealed the HCV epidemic is marked by a three-way interaction between time, geographic region, and whether individuals reside in urban or rural environments. Modeling techniques confirmed the presence of a cohort effect among those affected by the public health campaign, identified by a spike in incidence among those presently aged 30–50 years. The natural history model predicted Egypt will experience significant morbidity and mortality over the next 20 years due to the HCV epidemic. Our findings |
|
|
Dynamics of liver disease in Egypt: Shifting paradigms of a complex etiology. $49.99 The burden of liver disease in Egypt is exceptionally high, maintaining the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, as well as rising rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The foundation of the HCV epidemic in Egypt is generally attributed to a mass public health campaign to eliminate schistosomiasis during the 1960′s–1980′s. Questions remain regarding the precise incidence of HCV during this campaign, the future burden of chronic disease those affected will experience, and the future direction of HCV and liver disease now that this campaign has ended. This dissertation offers a series of studies designed to precisely define the nature of HCV infections and HCC in Egypt, spatially and temporally, as well as predict the future burden and impact on the Egyptian population. Specific methods included analyses of HCC case data collected from the Gharbiah Population-based Cancer Registry (GPCR) to define demographic and spatial trends in the occurrence of HCC in Egypt, in addition to a meta-analysis and the construction of two mathematical models designed to calculate historic incidence of HCV and project future HCV-related health complications. Results identified significant heterogeneity in HCC occurrence with respect to sex and district of residence. More in-depth investigation identified significant spatial clustering of HCC associated with clusters of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (a proxy measure for schistosomiasis burden). Meta-analysis revealed the HCV epidemic is marked by a three-way interaction between time, geographic region, and whether individuals reside in urban or rural environments. Modeling techniques confirmed the presence of a cohort effect among those affected by the public health campaign, identified by a spike in incidence among those presently aged 30–50 years. The natural history model predicted Egypt will experience significant morbidity and mortality over the next 20 years due to the HCV epidemic. Our findings |